http://hdl.handle.net/10143/11733 http://hera.helsebiblioteket.no/hera/retrieve/41492 http://hdl.handle.net/10143/11733 Search the Channel search http://hera.helsebiblioteket.no/hera/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/10143/120019 Title: The prevalence of alcohol and drugs in sampled oral fluid is related to sample volume.<br/><br/>Authors: Gjerde, Hallvard; Normann, Per T; Christophersen, Asbjørg S<br/><br/>Abstract: About 22,000 samples of oral fluid have been collected in five population studies in Norway using either the Intercept or Statsure oral fluid sampling devices. The prevalence of alcohol and drugs was found to be higher in oral fluid samples with small volumes than in those with large volumes for both sampling devices; the largest differences were observed for tetrahydrocannabinol, alcohol, amphetamines, and cocaine/benzoylecgonine when using the Statsure device. Our recommendation is that samples of oral fluid with smaller volume than required by the analytical methods should not be discarded, but instead be analyzed using a smaller sample volume, if necessary, after dilution. If not analyzed, positive drug cases will be missed, and the total prevalence of alcohol and drugs in the population being studied will be underestimated. Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/119986 Title: Comparison of drug concentrations in blood and oral fluid collected with the Intercept sampling device.<br/><br/>Authors: Gjerde, Hallvard; Mordal, Jon; Christophersen, Asbjørg S; Bramness, Jørgen G; Mørland, Jørg<br/><br/>Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine drug concentration ratios between oral fluid collected with the Intercept device and whole blood. Samples of blood and oral fluid were obtained from patients admitted to acute psychiatric treatment and drivers suspected of drugged driving. Samples were analyzed for illegal drugs, benzodiazepines, opioids, carisoprodol, and meprobamate. Drugs were detected in samples of both blood and oral fluid from 59 subjects; altogether, 17 different drugs were found. Concentration ratios between oral fluid and blood were determined for all cases. The distributions of drug concentration ratios were wide for most drugs and do not allow reliable estimations of drug concentrations in blood using concentrations in oral fluid. The median oral fluid/blood drug concentration ratios for the most prevalent drugs were 0.036 diazepam, 0.027 nordiazepam, 7.1 amphetamine, 2.9 methamphetamine, 5.4 codeine, 1.9 morphine, and 4.7 tetrahydrocannabinol. The correlation coefficients between drug concentrations in oral fluid and blood ranged from 0.15 to 0.96 for the six most prevalent drugs. Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/118666 Title: Health and re-employment in a two year follow up of long term unemployed.<br/><br/>Authors: Claussen, Bjørgulf; Bjørndal, Arild; Hjort, Peter Fredrik<br/><br/>Abstract: The aim was to examine re-employment and changes in health during a two year follow up of a representative sample of long term unemployed.; This was a cross sectional study and a two year follow up. Health was measured by psychometric testing, Hopkins symptom checklist, General health questionnaire, and medical examination. Health related selection to continuous unemployment and recovery by re-employment was estimated by logistic regression with covariances deduced from the labour market theories of human capital and segmented labour market.; Four municipalities in Greenland, southern Norway.; Participants were a random sample of 17 to 63 year old people registered as unemployed for more than 12 weeks.; In the cross sectional study, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and somatic illness was from four to 10 times higher than in a control group of employed people. In the follow up study, there was considerable health related selection to re-employment. A psychiatric diagnosis was associated with a 70% reduction in chances of obtaining a job. Normal performance on psychometric testing showed a two to three times increased chance of re-employment. Recovery of health following re-employment was less than expected from previous studies.; Health related selection to long term unemployment seems to explain a substantial part of the excess mental morbidity among unemployed people. An increased proportion of the long term unemployed will be vocationally handicapped as years pass, putting a heavy burden on social services. Fri, 29 Jan 1993 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/116379 Title: Comparison of zopiclone concentrations in oral fluid sampled with intercept(®) oral specimen collection device and statsure saliva sampler™ and concentrations in blood.<br/><br/>Authors: Gjerde, Hallvard; Øiestad, Elisabeth L; Øiestad, Ase Marit L; Langødegård, Marit; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg; Hjelmeland, Knut; Bernard, Jean-Paul; Christophersen, Asbjørg S<br/><br/>Abstract: A clinical study of zopiclone was performed using doses of 5 and 10 mg. Samples of oral fluid were collected using the Statsure and Intercept devices, and blood samples were collected simultaneously. Concentrations of zopiclone in samples of oral fluid and blood were determined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and concentrations in undiluted oral fluid were calculated. The concentrations of zopiclone in oral fluid were generally higher when using the Intercept compared to the Statsure device; the median oral fluid/whole blood concentration ratios were 3.8 (range 1.5-15.9) and 1.9 (range 1.2-4.6), respectively (n = 21). The correlation between zopiclone concentrations in oral fluid collected with the two devices was fairly poor, r(2) = 0.35. The results indicate that the type of sampling device may significantly affect the analytical result for zopiclone in sampled oral fluid. Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/116378 Title: Levels of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in oral fluid, blood, and urine after use of mouthwash and ingestion of nonalcoholic wine.<br/><br/>Authors: Høiseth, Gudrun; Yttredal, Borghild; Karinen, Ritva; Gjerde, Hallvard; Christophersen, Asbjørg<br/><br/>Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the concentrations of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in oral fluid and both EtG and ethyl sulfate (EtS) in blood and urine following intense use of mouthwash and ingestion of nonalcoholic wine, which are proven to contain 3 mg/L EtG, 1.5 mg/L EtS, and 0.2 g/L ethanol. Twelve subjects participated in a controlled experiment. All subjects ingesting nonalcoholic wine showed urine samples negative for EtG but positive for EtS (Cmax 2.15 mg/L). All four subjects using mouthwash were negative for EtG and EtS in urine. All samples of oral fluid were negative for EtG and all samples of blood were negative for EtG and EtS. This study showed that ingestion of EtG and EtS as components of nonalcoholic wine lead to detection of urine EtS only, suggesting superior bioavailability of orally ingested EtS compared to EtG. This possibility of false-positive EtS results in urine after ingestion of nonalcoholic wine is important to remember when using EtG and EtS as relapse markers for alcohol. Finally, the study showed that a positive EtG or EtS result after accidental alcohol exposure is unlikely in blood and oral fluid. Thu, 29 Oct 2009 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/107200 Title: Can the prevalence of high blood drug concentrations in a population be estimated by analysing oral fluid? A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine.<br/><br/>Authors: Gjerde, Hallvard; Verstraete, Alain<br/><br/>Abstract: AIM: To study several methods for estimating the prevalence of high blood concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine in a population of drug users by analysing oral fluid (saliva). METHODS: Five methods were compared, including simple calculation procedures dividing the drug concentrations in oral fluid by average or median oral fluid/blood (OF/B) drug concentration ratios or linear regression coefficients, and more complex Monte Carlo simulations. Populations of 311 cannabis users and 197 amphetamine users from the Rosita-2 Project were studied. RESULTS: The results of a feasibility study suggested that the Monte Carlo simulations might give better accuracies than simple calculations if good data on OF/B ratios is available. If using only 20 randomly selected OF/B ratios, a Monte Carlo simulation gave the best accuracy but not the best precision. Dividing by the OF/B regression coefficient gave acceptable accuracy and precision, and was therefore the best method. None of the methods gave acceptable accuracy if the prevalence of high blood drug concentrations was less than 15%. CONCLUSION: Dividing the drug concentration in oral fluid by the OF/B regression coefficient gave an acceptable estimation of high blood drug concentrations in a population, and may therefore give valuable additional information on possible drug impairment, e.g. in roadside surveys of drugs and driving. If good data on the distribution of OF/B ratios are available, a Monte Carlo simulation may give better accuracy. Wed, 24 Feb 2010 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/98460 Title: Serving of free school lunch to secondary-school pupils - a pilot study with health implications.<br/><br/>Authors: Ask, Anne Selvik; Hernes, Sigrunn; Aarek, Ingebjørg; Vik, Frøydis; Brodahl, Cornelia; Haugen, Margaretha<br/><br/>Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study whether service of a free school lunch has an impact on weight development and food intake among pupils at a lower secondary school, and to assess the association between self-perceived school behaviour and food intake. DESIGN: A controlled intervention study involving service of a free healthy school lunch to 9th grade pupils took place over 4 months, from January to May 2007. Weight and height were measured before and after the intervention. The pupils also completed a short FFQ and a questionnaire concerning self-perceived school behaviour and the classroom environment before and after the intervention. A healthy food score was calculated using the FFQ data. SETTING: All 9th graders at three different lower secondary schools in southern Norway were invited to participate. One school was randomly selected as the intervention school. SUBJECTS: Fifty-eight pupils (91 %) from the intervention school and ninety-two pupils (77 %) from the control schools participated. RESULTS: BMI did not increase among the girls at the intervention school, but increased significantly among the boys at the intervention school and among the control school groups. The healthy food score correlated positively with the trait 'satisfied with schoolwork' (P < 0.001). Fifteen per cent of the variance in food score could be explained by gender and the trait 'satisfied with schoolwork'. CONCLUSIONS: Serving of a healthy free school lunch to secondary-school pupils may result in restricted weight gain. Further studies are needed to clarify the impact of school meals on overweight and academic performance. Fri, 29 Jan 2010 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/98455 Title: Exploration of biomarkers for total fish intake in pregnant Norwegian women.<br/><br/>Authors: Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Haugen, Margaretha; Thomassen, Yngvar; Ellingsen, Dag G; Ydersbond, Trond A; Hagve, Tor-Arne; Alexander, Jan; Meltzer, Helle Margrete<br/><br/>Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Few biomarkers for dietary intake of various food groups have been established. The aim of the present study was to explore whether selenium (Se), iodine, mercury (Hg) or arsenic may serve as a biomarker for total fish and seafood intake in addition to the traditionally used n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. DESIGN: Intake of fish and seafood estimated by an FFQ was compared with intake assessed by a 4 d weighed food diary and with biomarkers in blood and urine. SETTING: Validation study in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). SUBJECTS: One hundred and nineteen women. RESULTS: Total fish/seafood intake (median 39 g/d) calculated with the MoBa FFQ was comparable to intake calculated by the food diary (median 30 g/d, rS = 0.37, P < 0.001). Erythrocyte DHA and blood Hg, Se and arsenic concentrations were positively correlated with intake of fish and seafood, but the association for DHA was weakened by the widespread use of supplements. The main finding was the consistent positive association between the intake of fish/seafood and blood arsenic concentration. In multivariate analyses, blood arsenic was associated with blood Hg and fish and seafood intake. In these models, arsenic turned out to be the best indicator of intake of fish and seafood, both totally and in subgroups of fish/seafood intake. CONCLUSIONS: While DHA reflected the intake of fatty fish and n-3 PUFA supplements, blood arsenic concentration also reflected the intake of lean fish and seafood. Blood arsenic appears to be a useful biomarker for total fish and seafood intake. Tue, 29 Dec 2009 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/94971 Title: Interlaboratory on Dioxins in Food 2009. Tenth Round of an international study<br/><br/>Authors: Horpestad Liane, Veronica; Becher, Georg Thu, 25 Mar 2010 12:06:28 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10143/94315 Title: Avhengig og selvstendig. Enslige mindreårige flyktningers stemmer i tall og tale.<br/><br/>Authors: Oppedal, Brit; Seglem, Karoline B; Jensen, Laila Tue, 16 Mar 2010 11:41:04 GMT